US ECONOMICS
DoC. USITC. 02/16/2018. U.S. Department of Commerce Initiates Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty Investigations of Imports of Cast Iron Soil Pipe from China
Today, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross announced the initiation of new antidumping duty (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) investigations to determine whether cast iron soil pipe from China is being dumped in the United States or if producers in China are receiving unfair subsidies.
“The Department will act swiftly, while assuring a full and fair assessment of the facts, to ensure that everyone trades on a level playing field,” said Secretary Ross. “The Trump administration is committed to the enforcement of America’s vital trade laws that ensure U.S. businesses and workers have a fair chance to compete.”
These AD and CVD investigations were initiated based on petitions filed by the Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute (Mundelein, IL) on January 26, 2018.
In the AD investigation, the Commerce Department will determine whether imports of cast iron soil pipe from China are being dumped in the U.S. market at less than fair value.
In the CVD investigation, the Commerce Department will determine whether Chinese producers of cast iron soil pipe are receiving government subsidies.
The estimated dumping margin alleged by the petitioner is 93.32 percent for China. The 32 subsidy programs alleged include five preferential loan and interest rate programs, three debt-to-equity swaps, equity infusions, and loan forgiveness programs, six income tax and other direct subsidy programs, three indirect tax programs, seven less-than-adequate remuneration, and eight grant programs.
From January 20, 2017, through February 15, 2018, the Commerce Department has initiated 96 antidumping and countervailing duty investigations – an 81 percent increase from 52 in the previous period. The Commerce Department currently maintains 424 antidumping and countervailing duty orders which provide relief to American companies and industries impacted by unfair trade.
If the Commerce Department determines that cast iron soil pipe from China is being dumped into the U.S. market or that China is providing government subsidies, and if the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determines that dumped and/or unfairly subsidized U.S. imports of cast iron soil pipe from China are causing injury to the U.S. industry, the Commerce Department will impose duties on those imports in the amount of dumping and/or unfair subsidization found to exist.
In 2017, imports of cast iron soil pipe from China were valued at $11.5 million.
Next Steps:
During the Commerce Department’s investigations into whether cast iron soil pipe is being dumped and/or unfairly subsidized, the ITC will conduct its own investigations into whether the U.S. industry and its workforce are being harmed by such imports. The ITC will make its preliminary determinations on or before March 12, 2018. If the ITC preliminarily determines that there is injury or threat of injury, then the Commerce Department investigations will continue, with a preliminary CVD determination scheduled for April 23, 2018, and preliminary AD determination scheduled for July 5, 2018, unless these deadlines are extended.
If the Commerce Department preliminarily determines that dumping and/or unfair subsidization is occurring, then it will instruct U.S. Customs and Border Protection to start collecting cash deposits from all U.S. companies importing cast iron soil pipe from China.
Final determinations by the Commerce Department in these cases are scheduled for July 5, 2018, for the CVD investigation, and September 18, 2018, for the AD investigation, but those dates may be extended. If the Commerce Department finds that products are not being dumped or unfairly subsidized, or the ITC finds in its final determinations there is no harm to the U.S. industry, then the investigations will be terminated and no duties will be applied.
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Foreign companies that price their products in the U.S. market below the cost of production or below prices in their home markets are subject to “antidumping” duties. Companies that receive unfair subsidies from their governments, such as grants, loans, equity infusions, tax breaks and production inputs, are subject to “countervailing duties” aimed at directly countering those subsidies.
Fact sheet: https://enforcement.trade.gov/download/factsheets/factsheet-prc-cast-iron-soil-pipe-ad-cvd-initiation-021618.pdf
DoS. February 18, 2018. Interview With Margaret Brennan of CBS 60 Minutes. Rex W. Tillerson, Secretary of State. Washington, DC
VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_hy91EYfZ0
MS BRENNAN: Rex Tillerson admits he was an unconventional choice for Secretary of State. He had no prior government experience. But as CEO of ExxonMobil, he had crisscrossed the globe striking deals with foreign leaders. Secretary Tillerson, a man who still considers himself a Boy Scout and follows what he calls the Code of the West, is fiercely private and has shied away from interviews, but he agreed to do a rare, wide-ranging one with us. With the Olympics underway and North Korea very much on his mind, he talked to us about what may be the toughest deal he will ever work on.
QUESTION: In his New Year’s Day speech, Kim Jong-un said the “entire area of the U.S. mainland is within our nuclear strike range.” That’s got to make you nervous.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: It does make us nervous. It also – it also stiffens our resolve. That kind of a threat to the American people by a regime like this is not acceptable, and the President’s meeting his responsibilities as Commander-in-Chief of asking our military – Secretary Mattis at the Defense Department – to ensure we are prepared for anything.
QUESTION: And those military options are there in case you fail.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: In case I fail. I say to my Chinese counterpart, “You and I fail, these people get to fight. That’s not what we want.”
QUESTION: But you are willing to work with and potentially negotiate with Kim Jong-un?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, that’s who we will have to work with to achieve this diplomatically. What we have to determine now is: Are we even ready to start? Are they ready to start? And if they’re not, we’ll just keep the pressure campaign underway, and we will increase that pressure. And we are doing that. Every month there are new sanctions rolled out. The world wants North Korea to change.
QUESTION: Well, there are some questions about how badly China wants them to change. You’ve really needed their help to put economic pressure on Kim Jong-un. What reassurances have you given to China so that they actually follow through?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: What I think we got a common understanding with China is that North Korea represents a serious threat to China as well. And we’ve been very clear with them that they are going to have an important role to play once we get to the negotiating table.
QUESTION: So I hear you saying there these wouldn’t be one-on-one talks. China would be at the table.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Early on they might be one-on-one discussions. For the U.S., first, and North Korea to determine? Is there a reason to begin to put the construct for negotiations in place?
QUESTION: What is the carrot that you’re dangling for North Korea to convince them to talk?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: We’re not using a carrot to convince them to talk. We’re using large sticks, and that is what they need to understand. This pressure campaign is putting – is having its bite on North Korea, its revenue streams. It’s having a bite on its military programs.
QUESTION: But to say “full denuclearization” – why would they agree to give up something they’ve already got that they think is an insurance policy?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Because it buys them nothing. It buys them more of being the hermit kingdom, isolated – isolated from the world diplomatically, isolated from the world economically.
QUESTION: Senator Bob Corker, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said, “Every one of us should pray Rex Tillerson and Jim Mattis are successful over the course of the next eight to ten months diplomatically, or our nation is going to be facing one of the greatest military decisions that we face.” Eight to ten months. That’s how much time you have to get this done?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I’m going to use all the time available to me. Our diplomatic efforts will continue until that first bomb drops. My job is to never have a reason for the first bomb to drop. And we don’t know precisely how much time is left on the clock.
QUESTION: You seem to have convinced the President that diplomacy is the way to go on this, but it wasn’t always so clear. Back in October, you said you were working to get a dialogue going with the North Koreans, and the President tweeted, “Rex, stop wasting your time trying to negotiate with Little Rocket Man.” Have you asked him not to call him “Little Rocket Man?” Is that a diplomatic term?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: (Laughter.) The President’s going to – the President’s going to communicate the way he communicates. My job as chief diplomat is to ensure that the North Koreans know we keep our channels open. I’m listening. I’m not sending a lot of messages back because there’s nothing to say to them at this point, so I’m listening for you to tell me you’re ready to talk.
QUESTION: How will you know?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: They will tell me. They will tell me.
QUESTION: That explicitly?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: We receive messages from them. And I think it will be very explicit as to how we want to have that first conversation.
(A video clip begins playing.) “SECRETARY TILLERSON: What’s the latest?”
MS BRENNAN: As we saw during this meeting with top aides about the crisis in Yemen, the whole world is now his portfolio.
(The video clip continues.) “SECRETARY TILLERSON: I think is saw some reports of further missile attacks out of Yemen…”
MS BRENNAN: But Rex Wayne Tillerson comes from a family of modest means in north Texas. He was named after actors Rex Allen and John Wayne because his parents loved Westerns.
QUESTION: We actually have a photo of you back in your Boy Scout uniform. I understand you rose to Eagle Scout.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Yes.
QUESTION: How old were you here?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I think I was 14 when that was taken.
QUESTION: You look very proud.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I am very proud. And was very proud. I still am.
QUESTION: I can tell. I mean, Boy Scouts, you reference it a fair amount. That played a big formative role in your life.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: It really shaped who I am.
QUESTION: You still think of yourself as a Boy Scout?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Yes.
QUESTION: Really?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Absolutely.
QUESTION: You don’t get to be the CEO of ExxonMobil as a Boy Scout.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I did.
QUESTION: You talked a lot about something that you’ve called the Code of the West. What does that mean?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, the Code of the West – as the West was unfolding, there wasn’t a lot of law enforcement, and people basically relied upon each other’s word and “as my word is my bond.” And I’ve used that throughout my life as well, even at ExxonMobil. I would sit down with the head of state for that country or the CEO of that company, and we’d look each other in the eye, and I’d say, “All I need to know is that you’re going to live up to your side of this deal, and I give you my word I’ll live up to my side of this deal.”
And then a lot of the Code of the West was people were very loyal to their organizations. And the phrase “riding for the brand” is a phrase that’s always stuck with me that --
QUESTION: Riding for the brand?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Riding for the brand. When a cowboy signed on to a ranch or to that organization, he was committed to that organization.
QUESTION: And what is the brand for you now?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: The State Department, the United States Government, the American people are my brand.
QUESTION: So one leader you hadn’t met before December of 2016 was Donald Trump. Tell me what that first encounter was like.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: We met in his office in Trump Tower, and he just began by asking me why don’t you just kind of talk about how you see the world. So we just – we walked around the world for about an hour. And then after that, then he kind of went into a little bit of a sales pitch with me and said, “I want you to be my Secretary of State.” And I was stunned.
QUESTION: You didn't know it was a job interview?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: No, I didn’t. I didn’t. I thought it was just I was going up just to talk to him and share with him, which I’ve done with previous presidents. I did with President Obama. I did with President Bush. So I really thought that’s all it was. (Laughter.)
QUESTION: Did you have any sense of what you were getting yourself into?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: By and large, I did.
QUESTION: You’ve won some policy arguments: when it came to keeping troops in Afghanistan; you prevented the President in some ways from tearing up the Iran nuclear deal like he said he was going to do. You lost a few arguments too: the Paris climate agreement the President exited; the Trans-Pacific trade partnership, you cautioned against ripping up a deal America had committed to; and you cautioned against moving the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem on the timeline they laid out. Do you think that’s a fair accounting of your record?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I think the American people have won with the decisions the President has taken. And it’s not about agreeing or disagreeing, because he’s the decision maker.
QUESTION: Tell me what it’s like to work in an administration where the U.S. has walked away or threatened to walk away from a number of commitments. That has to be hard for someone who believes in the Code of the West.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, some of those I think it’s important to keep in mind what the level of commitment was. We have agreements that the Congress never had the opportunity to weigh in on. And so President Trump was elected by the American people, and many of these were issues that he ran on.
(A video clip begins playing.) “QUESTION: White House officials have said that you’re going to be pushed out.”
MS BRENNAN: In the past year, Tillerson spent a lot of time denying that he was being outflanked by others in the President’s inner circle and that he was either going to resign or be fired.
(The video clip continues.) “SECRETARY TILLERSON: That’s ridiculous.”
MS BRENNAN: After reports he called the President a moron:
QUESTION: Why didn’t you deny calling the President a moron?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: That’s a really old question.
QUESTION: Do you understand that, by not answering the question, some people thought you were confirming the story?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I think I’ve answered the question.
QUESTION: You think you answered the question?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I’ve answered the question.
QUESTION: Did you call the President a moron?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I’m not going to dignify the question. We’ve got so many bigger issues that we could be talking about. I’m not from this town. I understand this town likes to talk about a lot of things that are really not important.
QUESTION: Do you think you have enemies in this town?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I don’t know.
QUESTION: Where do you think those reports came from that you were resigning or being fired?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I have no idea where they come from. I really don’t, and I don’t give it much thought.
QUESTION: I mean, you walk into ministry meetings and reporters are shouting, “Sir, when are you resigning?”
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I never hear those questions. The only person that knows whether I’m resigning or not is me.
QUESTION: So one of the other challenges that you have here is sometimes the President’s message doesn’t jive with your own. I think you’d acknowledge that.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, as I said, the President communicates in his own style, his own way, his own words. And from time to time, I will ask him, “Are you changing the policy?” Because if we are, obviously, I need to know, and everyone needs to know.
QUESTION: Well, you would have thought he’d talk to you about changing the policy before he tweeted.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: And to finish the thought, that has never happened. Every time I’ve talked to him, he said, “No, the policy hasn’t changed.” And I say, “Then I’m good.” (Laughter.) That’s all I need to know.
(A video clip is played.) “SECRETARY TILLERSON: I thought today we’d just have a chat…”
MS BRENNAN: Within the ranks of the State Department, there have been complaints Secretary Tillerson is dismantling American diplomacy by embracing major budget cuts and being slow to fill crucial jobs.
QUESTION: There are 41 embassies without confirmed ambassadors, and that’s even in places where there are crises. No ambassador in South Korea, Saudi Arabia, in Turkey. How do you explain that?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, there’s been no dismantling at all of the State Department. We’ve got terrific people, both Foreign Service officers, civil servants, that have stepped into those roles around the world, and have stepped in here.
QUESTION: On an interim basis.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: It is an interim basis. So clearly, it is not with the same kind of support that I wish everyone had. But our foreign policy objectives continue to be met (inaudible) Senate-confirmed --
QUESTION: But some of these don’t even have nominees. I mean, 41 embassies without ambassadors in them.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, some of these are in the process. It’s not a question of people being – or neglecting the importance of it. It’s just the nature of the process itself.
QUESTION: You’ve said you have a very close relationship with Vladimir Putin. You’ve done huge deals with him. Photos of you toasting him with champagne. And all that closeness raised eyebrows. It even inspired a Saturday Night Live skit. Did you ever see that skit?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: I did. My kids pointed me to it. (Laughter.)
(A video clip is played.) “Puty, oh my God.” “Rexy, baby…”
QUESTION: Did you laugh?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Absolutely. Absolutely. I laughed out loud.
QUESTION: It made light, though, of this concern that you have a friendship with Vladimir Putin, and that because of that you and the President aren’t going to hold him to account.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: The relationship that I had with President Putin spans 18 years now. It was always about what could I do to be successful on behalf of my shareholders, how Russia could succeed.
QUESTION: How different was it walking into the Kremlin as Secretary of State?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: It was different because – and I had to think very, very carefully about that. And the only thing I said to him was, “Mr. President, the same man, a different hat.”
QUESTION: But the dynamic changed.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: The dynamic changed because the issues were different. What he is representing is different than what I now represent. And I said to him, “I now represent the American people.” And I think it was important that that be said right up front, and he clearly got it. I mean, he clearly understood that as well.
QUESTION: But since you’re Secretary of State now, you’ve accused him of violating nuclear arms control agreements, of cheating on North Korea sanctions, letting Assad continue now to use chlorine gas chemical weapons on civilians. He doesn’t seem to be particularly concerned about the warnings you’re giving him.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, I don’t know. We’ll see if he’s concerned or not.
QUESTION: There were six chlorine gas attacks in the past 30 days.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: That’s correct. And we have called them out for the fact that Russia has special responsibilities, in our view, because of commitments they made to destroy chemical weapons and ensure they knew that there were none.
QUESTION: That sounds a lot like the last administration. It doesn’t sound very different.
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, when it comes to killing people with chemical weapons, it shouldn’t look any different. I think the only difference is the consequences for it. And President Trump has already demonstrated there will be consequences.
QUESTION: Does that mean military action is still on the table for chlorine gas attacks?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: As it was – as it was in April last year, we are serious about our demands that chemical weapons not become regularized or normalized as a weapon in any conflict.
QUESTION: Why not implement the sanctions that Congress overwhelmingly says they want to see put on Russia?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: We have and we are. We have taken steps that have already prevented a number of Russian military sales as a result of the legislation, and we are evaluating additional individuals for possible sanctioning.
QUESTION: So I know we’re under a time constraint.
(A video clip is played.) “…the President.”
MS BRENNAN: Near the end of our interview, we were interrupted by a phone call from the President.
(The video clip continues.) “SECRETARY TILLERSON: Be right back.”
MS BRENNAN: Afterward, the Secretary took us out for a brief stroll on his terrace before heading to the White House.
QUESTION: How often do you talk to the President?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: We typically will try to talk every day even if it’s only for a few minutes. A lot of times, I’ll call from the road when I’m on a trip just to let him know how it’s going and…”
MS BRENNAN: Rex Tillerson enjoys the view from the top of the State Department. He seems to be one of the few people in Washington not surprised he’s still here.
QUESTION: If I believed the press reports that came out about you in the past year, you would not be sitting here talking to me as the Secretary of State. It seems like reports of your political death were premature?
SECRETARY TILLERSON: Well, I hope with this little bit of exchange we’ve had, you understand the man better. That’s why I’m still here. Those things don’t bother me. I’m here to serve my country. I committed to this President. My word is my bond. I ride for this brand. That’s why I’m here, and nothing anybody else says is going to change that.
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CANADA ECONOMICS
NAFTA
THE GLOBE AND MAIL. FEBRUARY 16, 2018. Amid NAFTA uncertainty, Mexican exporters shift thoughts south and east
STEPHANIE NOLEN
MEXICO CITY - Last May, farmer Mario Andrade Cárdenas sent his first shipment of strawberries and raspberries to China. In October, Jorge Contreras Fornelli tracked down a Mexican supplier to send flakeboard to his sofa factory in Juárez, replacing raw materials he currently imports from the United States. In December, a cargo ship carrying 30,000 tonnes of wheat from Argentina docked in the Mexican port of Veracruz. And last month Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto flew 6,700 kilometres south, on his first visit to the landlocked Republic of Paraguay, to sign a new economic co-operation pact.
A year into Donald Trump's U.S. presidency – and the accompanying uncertainty about the future of the North American free-trade agreement – Mexico's government and its private sector have begun to engage seriously with the idea of an economy that redirects its focus from the north.
"We've kept going with business as usual, but we're changing our mentality and our mindset," said Mr. Andrade, a past president of the National Association of Berry Exporters.
"Eighty per cent of the total agricultural crop of Mexico goes to Canada and the U.S., and you don't change that in a day," he said, adding that there is no denying how dependent he and other agribusiness owners – and the 300,000 Mexicans who work in the US$1.8-billion berry industry – are on NAFTA.
"But we opened our eyes and re-evaluated" after Mr. Trump began to talk of "tearing up" NAFTA, Mr. Andrade said, and it wasn't hard to find new markets. "We started to look at China and the Arab countries. Of course we feel vulnerable – they're moving the floor underneath us. But now we feel, if NAFTA ends, it won't be the end of the world. "
The berry farmers' push into new markets is emblematic of an effort by manufacturers and producers across Mexico, but the reality is that they are small steps – and late ones, says Fernando González-Rojas, a former World Trade Organization dispute settlement lawyer who now teaches trade law at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education in Mexico City.
"Was Mexico able to design a Plan B since the shock of Trump being elected? The truth is, not really," he said. "When you're part of a club such as NAFTA, you invest so much in it that you cannot change course so rapidly. But Mexican industry started looking at other trade partners, specifically South America. Mexico today is looking at Brazil and Argentina in a whole new way."
Mexico also pushed for the revival of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (now called the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership), one forged without the United States – something that's ultimately good for Mexican industry – and has accelerated talks with the European Union to broaden existing trade ties.
Luis de la Calle, who was part of the Mexican negotiating team that drew up the original NAFTA terms 24 years ago and who now advises the government, says new export opportunities – such as Mr. Andrade's berries – are useful, but the real key to leverage with the Trump administration is for Mexico to find new sources of imports, because that threatens agricultural producers in the U.S. South, a Republican region whose support Mr. Trump increasingly understands he needs.
"Diversification of your exports doesn't give you negotiating strength – imports is what matters," he said. "That first shipment of wheat from Argentina just came in, and it's not much wheat in the overall scheme, but the signalling is critical: That ship sends people to the White House wearing 'I Support NAFTA' buttons."
Mexico is the largest importer of U.S. corn, buying US$2.6-billion annually, but has already sent delegations to Brazil and Argentina to find new suppliers.
Mr. Contreras, who chairs the board of Sofamaster, the second-largest furniture firm in Mexico, has been seeking to end the company's reliance on a U.S. supplier because of the uncertainty of Mr. Trump's plans. His factory is in a maquiladora zone in Ciudad Juárez, where duty-free raw materials are trucked in and finished products are shuttled back across the border into Texas. For more than 20 years he has relied on a U.S.-based maker of flakeboard, whose quality he trusts, he said. But if the United States were to withdraw from NAFTA, the product would face a 20-per-cent tariff under the WTO rules that would come into force – and he would replace it with the local one.
"That's our Plan B," he said.
But the company's research suggests flakeboard is the only raw material that would face duties, and the firm could continue to export to the United States without tariffs. Mr. Contreras says he wouldn't be thrilled with making the shift, but he's ready if he has to – and ultimately, he noted wryly, his firm's situation demonstrates why pulling out of NAFTA would be bad for plenty of U.S. consumers and workers, something Mr. Trump does not seem to grasp.
The U.S. President said as recently as three weeks ago that he had not made up his mind about "tearing up" NAFTA. Such statements have weakened the peso and drove down levels of both foreign and domestic investment in Mexico in 2017.
That has the Peña government keen to send new signals. On Jan. 11, Mexico signed the ICSID Convention, administered by the World Bank, which allows for the adjudication of disputes in international investment.
Essentially, it's a way of replacing Chapter 11 of NAFTA, the clause that sets out rules for transnational investment, and provides guarantees for investors in Mexico.
"Now, even if we leave NAFTA, we're still a trusted recipient of foreign investment," Prof. González-Rojas said. The larger message, he added, is "Mexico is open for trade – and it's going to stay open."
At the conclusion of the sixth round of NAFTA talks in Montreal in late January, all three delegations expressed official cautious optimism, although there was little to show from the actual negotiations. In Mexico, optimism tends to stem from the simple fact there are talks at all: The longer the pact survives, most business owners and officials say, the less likely it is that the United States will simply walk away.
One factor that has little to do with Mr. Trump is the Mexican presidential election, to be held on July 1. None of the candidates has had much to say about the trade agreement of late, although the clear front-runner, left-leaning populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador, has in the past suggested that the deal should be renegotiated to Mexico's advantage. Now, no candidate wants to be seen to share the anti-NAFTA views of Mr. Trump, who is wildly unpopular in Mexico, and since the agreement is broadly viewed as being beneficial to Mexico's economy, none can overtly advocate leaving it.
"If López Obrador wins, the strategic value of NAFTA grows exponentially – it becomes key to keeping Mexico from 'becoming Venezuela,' as the U.S. sees it," Mr. de la Calle said. "And if Trump pulls out before June, it maximizes the chances of López Obrador winning, so he won't do it."
Mr. Andrade, the berry farmer, said his exports to Asia and the Middle East remain a small part of the business – but one he's keen to grow. "It's the biggest market in the world, with new and different options," he said, suggesting that being forced to look beyond North America can only be good for his industry.
Meanwhile, in Juárez, Mr. Contreras said many factory owners are reluctant to invest much in their firms while the Trump uncertainty endures, but in fact, business is just fine. "Our exports are growing," he said. "And our company is going to keep moving on."
The Globe and Mail. 19 Feb 2018. Slim majority say Canada will emerge from NAFTA talks unharmed, poll finds
STEVEN CHASE
Despite harsh U.S. demands and threats from Donald Trump, a small majority of Canadians believe that Canada can protect its economic interests in the tumultuous NAFTA negotiations.
Slightly less than six in 10 Canadians are confident or somewhat confident that Canada can emerge unscathed from the North American trade talks, a new Nanos survey for The Globe and Mail says. The seventh round of talks begins in Mexico City near the end of February.
The survey comes amid the renegotiation of the North American free-trade agreement, in which Canada and Mexico are fighting a series of protectionist demands from the Trump administration. Economists have warned this is compounding unease already hanging over Canada’s export-dependent economy.
The new Nanos results found 15 per cent of Canadians are confident and 42 per cent are somewhat confident that Canada can protect its economic interests. That amounts to an increase from July, 2017, before NAFTA talks began, when only 13 per cent of Canadians registered as confident, and 33 per cent as somewhat confident of this outcome.
On the flip side, the January, 2018, Nanos poll found 17 per cent of respondents are “not confident” Canada can succeed in preserving its economic interests and 22 per cent are “somewhat not confident.” Four per cent are unsure.
That’s a reduction in concern from last July’s Nanos poll when 22 per cent registered as “not confident” and 27 per cent as “somewhat not confident.”
In an unusual move, Canada’s lead NAFTA negotiator took public aim at U.S. bargaining positions earlier this week, saying the proposal for government procurement is the “worst offer ever” made by the United States at the trade table.
“The U.S. offer on government procurement … is the worst offer ever made by the U.S. in any trade negotiation. It would leave us in a position where the country of Bahrain would have far better access to U.S. government procurement markets than Canada would, or Mexico would,” Steve Verheul, an assistant deputy minister at the department of Global Affairs, said Tuesday.
The latest Nanos survey also found Canadians are divided on whether they believe Canada has a lot of leverage or bargaining power in the NAFTA talks. Thirteen per cent agree with this statement and 38 per cent “somewhat agree,” while on the other side 13 per cent disagree and 30 per cent “somewhat disagree.” Six per cent are unsure. These rules are not a significant change from Nanos polling on the same question last July.
Potential trouble spots continue to arise in the Canada-U.S. relationship. This past week, Mr. Trump has complained about Canadian trade and threatened a tax on foreign imports – he offered no details – and U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer made a point of saying NAFTA talks are going “particularly well with the Mexicans.”
Difficult talks remain on what percentage of a car must be U.S.made. Washington is proposing all vehicles made in Canada and Mexico contain 50-per-cent U.S. content, on top of boosting the required amount of North American content in NAFTA-zone autos to 85 per cent from 62.5 per cent. Canada is warning this would drive production offshore.
On a separate matter, more than seven out of 10 Canadians remain of the opinion that it’s unacceptable or somewhat unacceptable for Canada to change its government policies to match that of the Trump administration in areas where viewpoints diverge. That’s not a significant change from a February, 2017, Nanos poll.
The hybrid phone and online survey of 1,000 Canadians included a mix of land and cell lines, and was conducted between Jan. 28 and Feb. 1 as part of an omnibus survey. The margin of error for a random survey of 1,000 Canadians is plus or minus 3.1 percentage points, 19 times out of 20.
The Globe and Mail. 19 Feb 2018. Canadian solar producers challenge Trump’s tariffs in U.S. court. Three manufacturers ask U.S. court to overturn trade penalties that threaten their businesses. Tariffs: WTO complaints process will take months to conclude.
SHAWN McCARTHY
Three Canadian solar manufacturers have gone to a U.S. federal court to challenge the Trump administration’s recently imposed tariffs on imported panels, saying the trade penalties could force them out of business.
The Ontario companies – Silfab Solar Inc. of Mississauga; Canadian Solar Solutions Inc. of Guelph, and Heliene Inc. of Sault Ste. Marie – have asked the U.S. Court of International Trade for a ruling overturning the tariffs that President Donald Trump announced last month. A hearing date has been set for Feb 26.
Each of the companies manufactures crystalline silicon photovoltaic (CSPV) modules that are used in solar energy panels – both large utility-scale projects and rooftop installations – and exports a significant portion of their product to the United States.
The companies’ complaint says the tariffs will cause “immediate, severe and irreversible injury” to them.
“That tariff will make it prohibitively expensive for Plaintiffs to import CSPV modules from Canada to the United States, and within weeks, it will compel Plaintiffs to terminate employees, close manufacturing facilities, forego business opportunities, lose sales, and – in several cases – cease business entirely,” an accompanying memo states.
Executives at Silfab and Heliene said they could not comment on the complaint because it is before the courts.
Canadian Solar – controlled by Chinese-based entrepreneur Shawn Qu – did not respond to a request for comment. The Guelph-based company, the only publicly traded company of the three, saw its share price drop from a January peak of US$17.30 prior to Mr. Trump’s announcement to close Friday at US$15.73.
The President touted the solar tariffs as part of his administration’s push to rebalance the American trade deficit and return manufacturing jobs to the United States. However, the U.S. Solar Energy Industries Association said the tariffs will put a serious dent in their members’ business and projected it will cost 23,000 industry jobs, many in the solar-related manufacturing sector.
“This will hurt, not help, manufacturing,” association spokesman Don Whitten said.
Several countries – including South Korea, China and Singapore – have filed complaints with the World Trade Organization, arguing the Trump administration’s tariffs violated the international agreement. However, that process will take many months to conclude.
The Canadian companies sought relief from the Court of International Trade, which was established by Congress and is based in New York. The plaintiffs argue the Trump administration violated both the U.S. Trade Act and the U.S. NAFTA Implementation Act when it included the Canadian companies in the tariff measures.
The complaint, filed Feb. 7, argues the administration ignored the findings of the International Trade Commission (ITC), which found that global imports of solar photovoltaic cells were causing injury to U.S. manufacturers. However, the ITC concluded that Canadian companies had only a 2-per-cent share of the market, and did not significantly contribute to the domestic injury. As a result, it did not recommend tariffs against them.
However, in his Jan. 23 announcement, Mr. Trump included Canadian companies in his plan to impose a tariff of 30 per cent, declining over three years to 15 per cent, after which they would be eliminated.
The three solar companies originally focused on the Ontario market after the Liberal government in 2009 passed the Green Energy Act, which includes domestic content requirements. However, that market slowed and they began relying on exports to the United States. They typically import the solar cells from Asia and build them into modules for utility-sized and rooftop installations.
Silfab is one of the largest manufacturers of solar PV modules in North America, with 170 employees at its Mississauga plant. Heliene employed more than 100 workers last year at its factory in Sault Ste. Marie, but that figure dropped to 78 employees in January after Mr. Trump announced the tariffs.
The Canadians “have a sound basis for bringing a case,” Los Angeles-based energy lawyer Allan Marks said in an interview. “There was a bit of a mismatch between what the ITC concluded in its injury finding and what the President did.”
When he announced his decision, Mr. Trump made reference to the NAFTA negotiations currently under way between the United States, Canada and Mexico, which was also hit by tariffs on its refrigerator manufacturers.
CANADA - MERCOSUL
REUTERS. FEBRUARY 16, 2018. Canada seeks Mercosur free trade deal amid NAFTA uncertainty
David Ljunggren
OTTAWA (Reuters) - The Canadian government plans to open free trade talks with the four-nation Mercosur trading bloc in South America, an official said on Friday, at a time when the future of NAFTA is facing increasing uncertainty.
Canada sends around 75 percent of its goods exports to the United States and is looking for new markets to reduce the reliance on its southern neighbor.
Trade Minister Francois-Philippe Champagne is set to arrive in Paraguay on March 9 to launch talks with Mercosur, which also includes Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
“The stars are sort of aligning right now. Whether it’s auto parts, chemicals, lumber, sea food, this is actually a very attractive market,” said Champagne spokesman Joseph Pickerill.
Canada’s overall bilateral trade with Mercosur is only worth C$8 billion ($6.38 billion) a year, he said. Trade with the Pacific Alliance grouping of Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile - all of which have free trade deals with Canada - totals C$48 billion a year.
That is dwarfed by bilateral Canada-U.S. trade, which according to Statistics Canada totaled C$780 billion last year.
“This (opening talks with Mercosur) makes a lot of sense and right now we have got countries very, very eager to work with us,” said Pickerill, adding that Canada was interested in free trade in both goods and services. Exploratory talks took place last year.
Talks to modernize the North American Free Trade Agreement have run into trouble over U.S. demands for big changes and an increasingly isolationist approach by the administration of President Donald Trump.
After the United States pulled out of a proposed 12-nation Pacific trade pact last year, the remaining 11 members forged a new deal. Champagne will be in Chile on March 8 to sign that treaty before heading to Paraguay.
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau left on Friday for a trip to India, which Canada sees as a potentially valuable export market. Insiders say talks on a proposed free trade treaty are making very slow progress, however, and will not be completed for years.
Reporting by David Ljunggren, Editing by Rosalba O'Brien
REUTERS. 16 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. Canadá busca acordo de livre comércio com Mercosul em meio a incertezas no Nafta
Por David Ljunggren
OTTAWA (Reuters) - O governo do Canadá planeja iniciar conversas de livre comércio com o Mercosul, disse uma autoridade nesta sexta-feira, em um momento em que o futuro do Nafta enfrenta crescentes incertezas.
O Canadá envia cerca de 75 por cento de suas exportações de bens para os Estados Unidos e está buscando novos mercados para reduzir a dependência de seu vizinho do sul.
O ministro do Comércio do Canadá, François-Philippe Champagne, deve desembarcar no Paraguai em 9 de março para iniciar conversas com o Mercosul, que também inclui a Argentina, o Brasil e o Uruguai.
“As estrelas estão em espécie de alinhamento agora. Seja para partes automotivas, químicos, madeira, frutos do mar, isto é realmente um mercado muito atrativo”, disse o porta-voz de Champagne, Joseph Pickerill.
O comércio bilateral geral do Canadá com o Mercosul é de somente 6,38 bilhões de dólares ao ano, disse. Comércio com a Aliança do Pacífico, que inclui México, Colômbia, Peru e Chile – todos possuem acordos de livre comércio com o Canadá – é de cerca de 38,2 bilhões de dólares ao ano.
Isto é ofuscado pelo acordo comercial bilateral entre Canadá e EUA, que de acordo com a Statistics Canada representou cerca de 622 bilhões de dólares no ano passado.
“Isto (iniciar conversas com o Mercosul) faz muito sentido e agora nós temos países muito, muito dispostos a trabalharem conosco”, disse Pickerill, acrescentando que o Canadá está interessando em livre comércio tanto de bens quanto de serviços. Conversas exploratórias aconteceram no ano passado.
BLOOMBERG. February 16, 2018. Next Nafta Talks Scheduled to Start With Auto Content Rules
By Eric Martin
- Seventh round set to run Feb. 25 to March 5 in Mexico City
- Rules of origin to be one of most discussed issues in talks
Rules for automotive content, one of the most contentious issues in Nafta, will be among the first tackled at the upcoming seventh round of talks in Mexico City.
Negotiators from the U.S., Canada and Mexico plan to begin on rules of origin, which govern how much geographic content a product must have to benefit from Nafta tariff exemptions, on Feb. 25, according to a draft agenda obtained by Bloomberg News. The issue is set to receive more than 20 hours of discussion, among the most of any topic, according to the schedule, which isn’t released publicly because talks are held behind closed doors.
In a bid to revive U.S. factories, the White House has proposed raising the regional automotive rules of origin for passenger cars to 85 percent from 62.5 percent and add a U.S.-specific requirement of 50 percent. The U.S. says the changes are needed to reduce a trade deficit with Mexico that it says is the result of companies moving factories and jobs south of the border to take advantage of cheaper labor.
Automakers warn the proposals would upend supply chains. Canada at the last negotiating round in Montreal put forward some fresh ideas on how to calculate the value of regional content in vehicles, including giving more credit for driverless and electric cars, plus research and development work. U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer called the Canadian proposal on cars “vague,” and argued it would reduce the share of a vehicle made within the region.
While Mexico’s automobile association, known as AMIA, has said it opposes a higher content rule for cars, Economy Minister Ildefonso Guajardo has signaled a recognition that the rules probably will need to be strengthened to reach a deal.
The U.S., Mexico and Canada began renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement in August at the initiative of President Donald Trump, who has promised to negotiate a better deal for America or withdraw. Talks, organized into rounds, have rotated between Washington, Mexico City, Ottawa and Montreal over the past six months.
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INDICADORES/INDICATORS
- US ECONOMIC INDICATORS
- US INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES
- CANADA INDICATORS
- BALANÇA COMERCIAL BRASILEIRA
- BACEN. BOLETIM FOCUS: RELATÓRIO SEMANAL DE MERCADO (Projeções atualizadas semanalmente pelas 100 principais instituições financeiras que operam no Brasil, para os principais indicadores da economia brasileira)
- BACEN. Indicadores Econômicos Consolidados
- BACEN. Câmbio
- BOVESPA
- INDICADORES DO BANCO MUNDIAL
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BACEN. BOLETIM FOCUS: RELATÓRIO SEMANAL DE MERCADO
(Projeções atualizadas semanalmente pelas 100 principais instituições financeiras que operam no Brasil, para os principais indicadores da economia brasileira)
ANÁLISE
BACEN. PORTAL G1. 19/02/2018. Mercado baixa expectativa para a inflação em 2018 e eleva previsão de alta do PIB. Previsão para o IPCA deste ano passou de 3,84% para 3,81%. Já a estimativa para o crescimento da economia subiu de 2,7% para 2,8%.
Por Alexandro Martello, G1, Brasília
Os economistas do mercado financeiro revisaram para baixo a estimativa para a inflação deste ano e elevaram sua previsão para o crescimento da economia brasileira em 2018.
As expectativas do mercado constam no relatório de mercado, também conhecido como "Focus", feito com base em pesquisa realizada na semana passada pelo Banco Central com mais de 100 instituições financeiras. Os números foram divulgados nesta segunda-feira (19).
Para a inflação de 2018, a previsão do mercado recuou de 3,84% para 3,81%. Foi a terceira queda seguida do indicador.
A expectativa dos analistas continua abaixo da meta central de 4,5% para a inflação, que deve ser perseguida pelo Banco Central neste ano. Mas está dentro do intervalo de tolerância previsto pelo sistema, e que prevê que a meta terá sido cumprida pelo BC se o IPCA ficar entre 3% e 6%.
A meta de inflação é fixada pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional (CMN). Para alcançá-la, o Banco Central eleva ou reduz a taxa básica de juros da economia (Selic).
Para 2019, o mercado financeiro manteve sua expectativa de inflação estável em 4,25%. A estimativa do mercado está em linha com a meta central do próximo ano e também dentro da banda do sistema de metas (entre 2,75% e 5,75%).
Produto Interno Bruto
Para a expansão do PIB de 2018, os economistas dos bancos elevaram sua estimativa de crescimento de 2,70% para 2,80%. Para o ano que vem, a expectativa do mercado para expansão da economia continuou em 3%.
O Produto Interno Bruto é a soma de todos os bens e serviços produzidos no país e serve para medir a evolução da economia. Em 2016, o PIB teve uma retração de 3,5%, mas voltou a registrar alta neste ano. No terceiro trimestre do ano passado, o crescimento foi de 0,1%.
Taxa básica de juros
Os analistas do mercado também mantiveram a previsão para a taxa básica de juros da economia, a Selic, em 6,75% ao ano para o final de 2018. Atualmente, a taxa está neste patamar. Ou seja, o mercado continua estimando manutenção dos juros no resto deste ano.
Para o fim de 2019, a estimativa do mercado financeiro para os juros básicos da economia continuou em 8% ao ano. Deste modo, os analistas seguem estimando alta dos juros no ano que vem.
Câmbio, balança e investimentos
Na edição desta semana do relatório Focus, a projeção do mercado financeiro para a taxa de câmbio no fim de 2018 ficou estável em R$ 3,30 por dólar. Para o fechamento de 2019, permaneceu em R$ 3,39 por dólar.
A projeção do boletim Focus para o resultado da balança comercial (resultado do total de exportações menos as importações), em 2018, subiu de US$ 54,5 bilhões para US$ 54,6 bilhões de resultado positivo.
Para o ano que vem, a estimativa dos especialistas do mercado para o superávit permaneceu estável em US$ 45 bilhões.
A previsão do relatório para a entrada de investimentos estrangeiros diretos no Brasil, em 2018, continuou em US$ 80 bilhões. Para 2019, a estimativa dos analistas ficou estável também em US$ 80 bilhões.
BACEN. REUTERS. 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. Economistas veem na Focus mais crescimento e menos inflação em 2018, com Selic a 6,75%
SÃO PAULO (Reuters) - A expectativa para a taxa de juros ao final deste ano permaneceu em 6,75 por cento na pesquisa Focus depois que o Banco Central indicou que a piora no cenário internacional e a retomada mais consistente da atividade são fatores que contribuem para o fim deste ciclo de cortes, em meio à melhora da perspectiva para a economia e redução da projeção para a inflação.
Logo do Banco Central na sede da instituição, em Brasília 15/01/2014 REUTERS/Ueslei Marcelino
Os especialistas consultados no levantamento realizado pela autoridade monetária reduziram em 0,03 ponto percentual a projeção para a alta do IPCA em 2018, a 3,81 por cento, e mantiveram em 4,25 por cento a conta para o ano que vem.
Para o Produto Interno Bruto, a projeção de crescimento este ano subiu a 2,80 por cento, de 2,70 por cento no levantamento anterior. Para 2019, a expectativa continua sendo de uma expansão de 3 por cento.
A pesquisa com uma centena de especialistas mostrou ainda que eles não alteraram sua visão de que o corte de 0,25 ponto percentual na Selic realizado no início de fevereiro foi o último em 2018, encerrando o ciclo de afrouxamento monetário.
Depois de desacelerar o passo e cortar a Selic em 0,25 ponto percentual, à nova mínima recorde de 6,75 por cento ao ano, o BC avaliou na ata dessa reunião que a evolução da economia global tem sido favorável, mas apontou que a trajetória prospectiva da inflação de preços e salários em economias centrais pode tornar o processo de normalização da política monetária nesses países “mais volátil e produzir algum aperto das condições financeiras globais”.
Para 2019, a perspectiva no Focus segue sendo de que a taxa básica de juros encerrará a 8,0 por cento.
O grupo dos que mais acertam as previsões, o Top-5 também segue vendo a Selic a 6,75 por cento este ano e a 8 por cento em 2019.
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ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA / BRAZIL ECONOMICS
BACEN. 19/02/2018. BC divulga o Índice de Atividade Econômica do Banco Central (IBC-Br) referente ao mês de dezembro de 2017.
DOCUMENTO: http://www.bcb.gov.br/pt-br/#!/c/notas/16386
BACEN. PORTAL G1. 19/02/2018. 'Prévia' do PIB do Banco Central indica que economia brasileira cresceu 1,04% em 2017. Resultado oficial do PIB do ano passado será divulgado pelo IBGE em 1º de março. Se confirmada a alta, será a primeira após dois anos de recessão.
Por Alexandro Martello, G1, Brasília
Após dois anos de tombo, a economia voltou a crescer em 2017 e conseguiu sair da recessão, indicam números divulgados nesta segunda-feira (19) pelo Banco Central.
No ano passado, o Índice de Atividade Econômica (IBC-Br), divulgado pelo BC, registrou uma expansão de 1,04% na comparação com 2016. O número não possui ajuste sazonal, pois considera períodos iguais (ano contra ano).
O IBC-BR é um indicador criado para tentar antecipar o resultado do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), que é a soma de todos os bens e serviços produzidos no país e serve para medir a evolução da economia. O resultado oficial do PIB de 2017 será divulgado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) em 1º de março.
Evolução do PIB Brasileiro
Em %
2015 (PIB)
-3,55
-3,55
Fonte: Banco Central e IBGE
O mercado, segundo pesquisa realizada pelo Banco Central com mais de 100 instituições financeiras, estima uma expansão de 1% para a economia brasileira em 2017.
Fim da recessão
Se o IBGE confirmar o resultado positivo para o PIB em 2017, será o primeiro registrado pelo país depois de dois anos seguidos de queda na atividade econômica e o fim da pior recessão da história do país.
Em 2015, o IBGE informou inicialmente que houve uma retração econômica de 3,8%, o maior tombo da economia brasileira em 25 anos. O resultado depois foi revisado para uma queda menor, de 3,5%.
Já em 2016, a queda do PIB foi de 3,6%. Posteriormente, o valor também foi revisado para um tombo um pouco menor, de 3,46%.
Essa sequência de dois anos seguidos de baixa na atividade econômica só havia sido registrada no Brasil em 1930 e 1931.
Para 2018, a expectativa do governo é de que a economia brasileira cresça cerca de 3%. Para o mercado financeiro, a taxa de expansão econômica será em torno de 2,8% em 2018.
Fatores que ajudaram na recuperação
Para reaquecer a economia e combater a recessão, o governo Michel Temer anunciou, no ano passado, medidas como a liberação de saques das contas inativas do Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de Serviço (FGTS), que injetou R$ 44 bilhões na economia, e do PIS/Pasep para idosos.
Segundo cálculos do Ministério do Planejamento, a liberação dos recursos das contas inativas do FGTS geraram um impacto positivo sobre o PIB, que pode ter alcançado 0,61 ponto percentual. O governo avaliou que os recursos ajudaram a reduzir o grau de endividamento das famílias e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuiu com a melhoria do nível de atividade, principalmente via comércio.
Além disso, com a inflação comportada, o Banco Central reduziu fortemente os juros básicos, representados pela taxa Selic, no ano passado. Atualmente, a taxa está na mínima histórica de 6,75% ao ano, o que favorece a renegociação de dívidas e os investimentos no setor produtivo.
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IBC-Br e definição da taxa Selic
O IBC-Br foi criado para tentar antecipar o resultado do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), que é divulgado IBGE. Os resultados do IBC-Br, porém, nem sempre mostraram proximidade com os dados oficiais do PIB.
O cálculo dos dois é um pouco diferente: o índice do BC incorpora estimativas para a agropecuária, a indústria e o setor de serviços, além dos impostos.
O IBC-Br é uma das ferramentas usadas pelo BC para definir a taxa básica de juros do país. Com o menor crescimento da economia, por exemplo, teoricamente haveria menos pressão inflacionária.
Atualmente, a taxa Selic está em 6,75% ao ano, na mínima histórica, e a estimativa do mercado financeiro, até o momento, é de estabilidade até o fim de 2018.
O próprio BC, porém, sinalizou recentemente que não está afastada a possibilidade de promover uma nova redução no juro básico da economia.
Pelo sistema que vigora no Brasil, o BC precisa ajustar os juros para atingir as metas preestabelecidas de inflação. Para 2018 e 2019, a meta central é de 4,5% (podendo oscilar entre 3% e 6%) e de 4,25% (com uma banda de flutuação de 2,75% a 5,75%).
Quanto maiores as taxas, menos pessoas e empresas ficam dispostas a consumir, o que tende a fazer com que os preços baixem ou fiquem estáveis. O BC baixa os juros quando julga que a inflação está em linha com as metas definidas.
BACEN. PORTAL G1. 19/02/2018. Índice do Banco Central indica economia mais robusta em 2018
Por João Borges
O IBC-Br divulgado nesta segunda-feira (19) pelo Banco Central reforça a expectativa entre alguns analistas do setor privado de que 2017 encerrou com um crescimento do PIB acima de 1%.
Mais importante do que o número fechado de 2017, a estas alturas, é verificar a dinâmica da economia na virada de ano. O quarto trimestre de 2017 deve ter apresentado crescimento, o que indica que a economia entrou em 2018 em aceleração.
A combinação de fatores favoráveis está levando a revisão para cima das projeções de crescimento para este ano. A consultoria MB Associados, por exemplo, já está prevendo crescimento de 3,5% para este ano.
Na pesquisa Focus divulgada nesta segunda-feira pelo Banco Central, a projeção para o crescimento deste ano sobiu de 2,7% para 2,8%. O número expressa uma média de projeções entre as cerca de 100 instituições financeiras consultadas pelo Banco Central.
Uma virtuosa combinação de fatores favorece desempenho da economia este ano melhor do que se previa até pouco tempo. Taxa básica de juros abaixo de 7%, inflação projetada abaixo de 4%. O desemprego, embora ainda muito elevado, deve seguir em queda.
O crédito para as famílias continua se expandindo. Uma boa safra agrícola vai se confirmando, o que é garantia de que não haverá pressão inflacionária de alimentos.
Tudo isso somado deve manter o ritmo de aumento do consumo das famílias, principal fator que tem impulsionado a economia na saída do ciclo de dois anos de recessão.
A ressalva que se faz a essa retomada é a de sempre e não deve ser esquecida: sem que se controle o aumento da dívida pública, esse crescimento de 2018 não terá vida longa.
BACEN. REUTERS. 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. Atividade econômica do Brasil sobe 1,33% em 2017 após dois anos de recessão, aponta BC
BRASÍLIA (Reuters) - A expansão da atividade econômica do Brasil ficou acima do esperado por analistas em dezembro e o país voltou a crescer em 2017 após dois anos de profunda crise econômica, apontaram dados divulgados pelo Banco Central nesta segunda-feira. O Índice de Atividade Econômica do Banco Central (IBC-Br), espécie de sinalizador do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), subiu 1,33 por cento no ano passado, na série dessazonalizada. Somente em dezembro, o índice teve alta de 1,41 por cento ante novembro, melhor que o avanço de 1,1 por cento previsto em pesquisa da Reuters. Com isso, o IBC-Br fechou o quarto trimestre do ano com crescimento de 1,26 por cento sobre o terceiro trimestre, sempre em números dessazonalizados. O mercado já vinha trabalhando com a expectativa de um resultado no azul em 2017, ano marcado por expressiva diminuição dos juros básicos diante da inflação baixa, com o IPCA ficando, inclusive, aquém do piso da meta perseguida pelo governo. Os dados oficiais do PIB em 2017 serão divulgados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) em 1º de março.
Economistas ouvidos pela mais recente pesquisa Focus do BC calculam alta de 1,03 por cento para o PIB em 2017, após o forte tombo de 3,5 por cento tanto em 2016 quanto em 2015, segundo dados do IBGE. Enquanto o número não vem a público, o desempenho do IBC-Br corrobora a leitura de recuperação gradual na economia, já que o índice incorpora projeções para a produção no setor de serviços, indústria e agropecuária, bem como o impacto dos impostos sobre os produtos. Em 2017, tanto a indústria quanto o varejo fecharam o ano no campo positivo, crescendo 2,5 por cento e 2 por cento, respectivamente.. Por outro lado, o setor de serviços encolheu 2,8 por cento no ano passado, terceiro ano seguido de retração. Para 2018, o mercado estima uma expansão de 2,80 por cento do PIB, segundo o Focus, ante alta de 3 por cento prevista pelo governo.
Por Marcela Ayres; Edição de Camila Moreira
FGV. IBRE. 19-Fev-2018. Índices Gerais de Preços. IGP-M Segundo Decêndio. IGP-M desacelera no 2º decêndio de fevereiro
O Índice Geral de Preços - Mercado (IGP-M) subiu 0,03% no segundo decêndio de fevereiro. No mês anterior, para o mesmo período de coleta, o índice havia subido 0,82%.
O Índice de Preços ao Produtor Amplo (IPA) registrou variação de -0,13% no segundo decêndio de fevereiro. Uma desaceleração expressiva em relação à taxa de 1,07% apurada no mesmo período do mês anterior. Na análise por estágios de processamento, os preços dos Bens Finais caíram em média 0,74% em fevereiro, após subirem 0,93% em janeiro. A maior contribuição para este resultado partiu no subgrupo alimentos processados, cuja taxa passou de 0,48% para -2,18% no mesmo período.
A taxa de variação do grupo Bens Intermediários subiu 0,97% em fevereiro. Em janeiro, esse grupo havia registrado alta de 1,04%. O destaque coube ao subgrupo combustíveis e lubrificantes para a produção, cuja taxa passou de 2,37% para 0,69%.
O índice referente ao grupo Matérias-Primas Brutas caiu 0,71% em fevereiro. No mês anterior, a taxa havia subido 1,29%. Contribuíram para a queda da taxa de variação do grupo os seguintes itens: minério de ferro (6,37% para -1,28%), bovinos (1,45% para -1,95%) e aves (1,19% para -4,81%). Em sentido oposto, destacam-se os itens mandioca (aipim) (0,81% para 8,00%), soja (em grão) (-1,47% para -0,94%) e suínos (-4,85% para -1,14%).
O Índice de Preços ao Consumidor (IPC) subiu 0,35% no segundo decêndio de fevereiro, ante 0,43%, no mesmo período do mês anterior. Três das oito classes de despesa componentes do índice registraram decréscimo em suas taxas de variação. A principal contribuição partiu do grupo Alimentação (0,84% para 0,13%). Nesta classe de despesa, cabe mencionar o item hortaliças e legumes, cuja taxa passou de 9,22% para 3,47%.
Também apresentaram decréscimo em suas taxas de variação os grupos Habitação (-0,02% para -0,24%) e Comunicação (0,30% para 0,02%). Nestas classes de despesa as maiores influências observadas partiram dos itens gás de bujão (2,06% para -0,97%) e pacotes de telefonia fixa e internet (1,04% para 0,00%), respectivamente.
Em contrapartida, apresentaram acréscimo em suas taxas de variaçãoos grupos Transportes (0,74% para 1,17%), Educação, Leitura e Recreação (0,63% para 1,21%), Saúde e Cuidados Pessoais (0,39% para 0,56%), Vestuário (-0,40% para -0,06%) e Despesas Diversas (0,14% para 0,22%).Nestas classes de despesa, os maiores avanços foram observados nas taxas dos seguintes itens: tarifa de ônibus urbano (0,39% para 1,18%), show musical (-2,80% para 1,05%), medicamentos em geral (-0,01% para 0,27%), roupas (-0,78% para 0,14%) e cartório (0,56% para 1,54%), respectivamente.
O Índice Nacional de Custo da Construção (INCC) subiu 0,26% no segundo decêndio de fevereiro. No mês anterior, este índice havia subido 0,19%. O índice relativo a Materiais, Equipamentos e Serviços registrou variação de 0,57%, acima do resultado de janeiro, de 0,43%. O índice que representa o custo da Mão de Obra não registrou variação pelo segundo mês consecutivo.
DOCUMENTO: http://portalibre.fgv.br/main.jsp?lumPageId=402880972283E1AA0122841CE9191DD3&contentId=8A7C82C561A6EC830161AD9D61D37AF8
FGV. IBRE. 19-Fev-2018. Índices Gerais de Preços. IPC-S Capitais. Inflação pelo IPC-S recua em seis das sete capitais pesquisadas
O IPC-S de 15 de fevereiro de 2018 registrou variação de 0,46%, 0,24 ponto percentual (p.p.) abaixo da taxa divulgada na última apuração. Seis das sete capitais pesquisadas registraram decréscimo em suas taxas de variação.
A tabela a seguir, apresenta as variações percentuais dos municípios das sete capitais componentes do índice, nesta e na apuração anterior.
DOCUMENTO: http://portalibre.fgv.br/main.jsp?lumPageId=402880972283E1AA0122841CE9191DD3&contentId=8A7C82C56158B84301619FB04C962D4F
REUTERS. 16 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. ANÁLISE – Brasil ameaçará liderança dos EUA na exportação de milho em alguns anos
Por Mark Weinraub
CHICAGO (Reuters) - O Brasil pode eclipsar os Estados Unidos como o maior exportador de milho dentro de cinco anos, dando fim a décadas de domínio norte-americano do mercado de um dos alimentos básicos do mundo.
Produtores dos EUA, que por gerações se orgulham de estar no celeiro do mundo, agora sofrem com os preços dos grãos e infraestrutura envelhecida. Os esforços de Washington para renegociar acordos comerciais também podem afetar as exportações.
Ao mesmo tempo, o Brasil está colhendo os benefícios de seu investimento massivo em infraestrutura para exportação. Em 2012/13, o país sul-americano ultrapassou os EUA como maior exportador de soja. Três anos depois, a Rússia desbancou os EUA do primeiro lugar na exportação de trigo.
“Se você olhar cinco, dez anos adiante, o Brasil vai competir com os EUA para ser o primeiro exportador de milho do mundo”, disse Michael Cordonnier, presidente da consultoria Soybean and Corn Advisor.
“Eles têm terra: centenas de milhões de hectares que podem ser voltados para a produção; eles têm o clima; eles têm o know-how. Do ponto de vista agronômico, não há limites a vista.”
Bilhões de dólares investidos nos portos do Brasil, principalmente no Norte, encerraram anos de atrasos crônicos na exportação, tornando o envio mais barato, impulsionando compras de consumidores como a China.
Além de soja, o Brasil também é o maior fornecedor de carne bovina, de frango, açúcar, café e suco de laranja.
O Brasil está aquém dos EUA em infraestrutura rodoviária, mas melhorias graduais são esperadas na área. Os fazendeiros norte-americanos enfrentam seus próprios desafios.
Um bloqueio no sistema de barragens nos rios do Meio-Oeste feriu a reputação dos EUA como fornecedor de grãos mais confiável do mundo.
O Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos (USDA, na sigla em inglês) projeta que as exportações de milho dos EUA vão diminuir em 6,2 milhões de toneladas, volume avaliado em aproximadamente 1 bilhão de dólares, no atual ano comercial.
Enquanto isso, espera-se que as exportações de milho do Brasil aumentem em 1 milhão de toneladas ante o ano anterior, acelerando a ascensão do Brasil no setor.
“Se nós não olharmos para o futuro, terá um ponto em que seremos empurrados para o segundo lugar”, disse Fred Helms, um fazendeiro de Illinois que viajou recentemente pelo Brasil e pela Argentina com o Illinois Farm Bureau para ter uma noção da competição.
“Não é divertido ser o número dois.”
O clima mais quente do Brasil dá aos produtores uma temporada mais longa do que seus equivalente nos EUA. A maior parte dos produtores brasileiros pode semear o milho logo após colher a soja, plantando duas safras de milho por ano. Os fazendeiros dos EUA têm que esperar o inverno passar.
Isso levou a um salto nas plantações de milho brasileiras já que os fazendeiros lutam para impulsionar a produção de soja para satisfazer a demanda da China, disse Cordonnier.
Espera-se que o milho dos EUA represente apenas 33,8 por cento das exportações globais de milho no ano-safra de 2017/18, caindo dos 62,6 por cento de uma década atrás, de acordo com as projeções do USDA.
As projeções do Brasil da exportação de milho de 35 milhões de toneladas corresponderiam a 22,7 por cento dos embarques globais.
Apenas 20 anos atrás, o Brasil exportou apenas 6 milhões de toneladas, menos de 1 por cento do total mundial.
“Dez anos atrás ninguém acreditaria que o país alcançaria isso”, disse Sérgio Mendes, diretor-geral da Anec, a associação dos exportadores de cereais do Brasil. “Os produtores do Brasil são muito eficientes e as coisas aconteceram rápido.”
Os dados mais recentes do governo do Brasil mostram que o país exportou 3 milhões de toneladas de milho em janeiro, mais que o dobro das 1,45 toneladas enviadas para exterior um ano antes.
MANTER UM LUGAR
Os EUA caíram brevemente da sua posição como maior exportador de milho em 2012/13, mas isso foi causado pela seca. Da próxima vez que o Brasil ultrapassar os EUA provavelmente será algo duradouro.
Mudanças em pactos comerciais podem acelerar o declínio da participação de mercado dos EUA. Os EUA, o Canadá e o México estão renegociando o Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte (Nafta, na sigla em inglês).
Esse acordo deu aos fazendeiros norte-americanos livre acesso ao seu principal cliente, o México, que representava 23,8 por cento dos envios de milho dos EUA no ano-safra de 2016/17.
Vendedores brasileiros já estão fazendo incursões ao México.
Por enquanto, o USDA prevê que os EUA vão se manter como o principal exportador de milho pela próxima década, mas com a participação de mercado caindo para menos de 30 por cento.
“Nós não somos mais os únicos jogadores no mundo”, disse Mark Welch, professor assistente no Departamento de Econômia Agrícola na Universidade do Texas A&M.
“É crítico que os EUA mantenham um lugar à mesa em se tratando em acordos comerciais, relações comerciais e parceiros comerciais.”
Com reportagem adicional de Ana Mano
CNI. 16/02/2018. País precisa de nova política de acordos tributários. Em artigo publicado no jornal Valor Econômico, Carlos Abijaodi e Dan Ioschpe destacam a importância da assinatura desses tratados para alavancar a competitividade da economia.
O artigo foi publicado nesta sexta-feira (16) no Valor Econômico.
O Brasil precisa repensar sua estratégia de negociações de acordos para evitar a dupla tributação (ADTs), de forma coerente com o maior grau de inserção internacional desejado para o país. Esses acordos contribuem para alavancar a competitividade da economia ao disciplinar diversas atividades essenciais para o desenvolvimento, como a aquisição de serviços tecnológicos e direitos de propriedade intelectual, além de reduzir custos para obtenção de empréstimos internacionais e estimular a internacionalização das empresas brasileiras.
Atualmente, há 33 acordos para evitar a dupla tributação em vigor no Brasil. O número é muito baixo se comparado às principais economias emergentes, como, por exemplo, México (53), Indonésia (64), África do Sul (73), Turquia (79), Índia (96) e China (99). Mais do que a quantidade reduzida dos acordos assinados e negociados, preocupa ao setor empresarial a ausência desses tratados com mercados relevantes tanto do ponto de vista de investimentos estrangeiros quanto como destino de investimentos de empresas no exterior. Não temos acordos com Estados Unidos, Colômbia, Alemanha, Reino Unido e nem com Paraguai e Uruguai, dois vizinhos e sócios do Mercosul.
Na última década, o governo brasileiro não assinou nenhum novo acordo para evitar a dupla tributação. E esse tímido avanço na agenda recente de negociações de novos tratados do tipo - exceção feita à recente emenda ao ADT com a Argentina - tem relação com as particularidades do modelo de acordo escolhido pelo país. Ele segue um padrão próprio, distante daquele recomendado pela Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), com duas características centrais: 1- alíquotas elevadas de imposto de renda sobre os principais rendimentos, entre eles, juros, dividendos, importação de serviços e royalties; e 2- tributação na fonte de operações, tais como a remessa para pagamentos na importação de qualquer tipo de serviços e para pagamentos de royalties.
Dessa forma, o padrão brasileiro de acordo coloca o país em situação não isonômica em relação a outras economias competidoras, onerando mais, por exemplo, a obtenção de empréstimos externos e a aquisição de tecnologia pelas empresas estabelecidas no território nacional. Esse modelo também contribui menos para estimular os investimentos de empresas brasileiras no exterior, atividade estratégica para ampliar a inovação, e que, como demonstraram estudos do Fórum das Empresas Transnacionais Brasileiras (FET), está associada ao aumento de exportações a partir da empresa matriz e maior estímulo e propensão a se envolverem em atividades de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação em suas unidades produtivas dentro do Brasil.
A título de exemplo do custo de não possuir um ADT, uma multinacional brasileira com presença nos Estados Unidos arca com alíquota de tributação sobre a renda de 30% quando envia dividendos ao Brasil. O mesmo não ocorre com as remessas de dividendos das empresas oriundas de países com os quais os Estados Unidos assinaram o acordo tributário. As multinacionais do México e da China pagam, por exemplo, um percentual que varia entre 0 e 15%, ou seja, no mínimo, a metade do tributo cobrado da empresa brasileira. Nessa comparação simples, é possível perceber que uma boa parte da competitividade foi sugada pela falta de ADTs.
Os acordos em vigor no Brasil impõem ainda um custo adicional com o aumento do montante de tributos pagos pelas empresas em operações de importações de serviços em geral. Além da tributação na fonte desse tipo de operação - em oposição ao modelo proposto pela OCDE - a interpretação brasileira de que praticamente qualquer serviço importado constitui um serviço técnico, contribui para que a carga tributária paga pela importação dos serviços supere 40%. Esse percentual é impeditivo para a importação de insumos que vão agregar valor ao produto industrial. Vale lembrar que os serviços representam custo crescente sobre a agregação de valor da produção da indústria brasileira, ao redor de 65%.
A manutenção do atual padrão de negociação cria, portanto, um obstáculo adicional ao desenvolvimento de uma estratégia competitiva de inserção econômica no mercado externo. Decisões de investimentos por parte do setor produtivo, que em última instância significam a criação ou não de mais empregos, dependem de boas políticas internas e de políticas de comércio exterior, mas também de uma política tributária adequada à internacionalização das empresas e à atração de investimentos de multinacionais estrangeiras em atividades-chave para o desenvolvimento econômico.
Vale ainda destacar que o impacto fiscal dos ADTs na arrecadação tributária deve ser relativizado, considerando que o impulso às operações das empresas no exterior tende a aumentar a base de incidência para o fisco brasileiro. Além disso, deve ser considerado também outros efeitos positivos da mudança de modelo de ADT do Brasil, como a melhoria do ambiente de negócios, o estímulo ao investimento externo e à atividade econômica interna em vários segmentos, sobretudo àqueles relacionados com a inovação e com maior conteúdo tecnológico.
O Brasil tem grande potencial para desempenhar um papel de maior protagonismo na atração de investimentos estrangeiros e contar com multinacionais mais fortes e mais numerosas operando em diferentes mercados no mundo. Para isso, terá de harmonizar o seu modelo de ADTs com as práticas internacionais e torná-lo mais competitivo e pragmático, sobretudo à luz do próprio processo de adesão à OCDE.
A estratégia de negociação de novos acordos tributários e a renegociação daqueles que já existem deve, ainda, ser sempre transparente e levar em conta o diálogo e as prioridades apontadas pelo setor empresarial brasileiro.
OPEP. REUTERS. 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. ENERGIA. Demanda global por petróleo deve crescer em 2018 com "ambiente encorajador", diz Opep
ABUJA (Reuters) - A demanda global por petróleo em 2018 deverá crescer 1,6 milhão de barris por dia graças a um “ambiente encorajador”, disse nesta segunda-feira o secretário-geral da Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo (Opep), Mohammad Barkindo.
Ele disse que os estoques comerciais de petróleo da OCDE subiram em janeiro e ficaram cerca de 74 milhões de barris acima da média de cinco anos.
Barkindo destacou ainda que a aderência dos país membros e não membros da Opep ao pacto de redução de oferta de petróleo foi de 133 por cento em janeiro e de 107 por cento em todo o ano de 2017.
Um encontro técnico para entre integrantes da Opep e aliados está marcado para acontecer em junho, concluiu o secretário-geral, que falou durante conferência em Abuja, na Nigéria.
Por Paul Carsten
JAPÃO. REUTERS. 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2018. ENERGIA. Importação de petróleo pelo Japão atinge menor nível em ao menos 30 anos
TÓQUIO (Reuters) - A importação de petróleo pelo Japão em janeiro atingiu uma mínima para o mês em pelo menos 30 anos, segundo dados do Ministério das Finanças divulgados nesta segunda-feira, em meio a um contínuo declínio no consumo devido à diminuição da população.
O Japão, o quarto maior comprador de petróleo do mundo, importou 3,16 milhões de barris por dia no mês passado, queda de 4,6 por cento em relação a igual mês de 2017, mostraram os dados preliminares. Esse foi o menor volume para o mês de janeiro desde o início da série histórica, em 1988.
As importações japonesas de gás natural liquefeito totalizaram 8,263 milhões de toneladas no mês passado, recuo de 0,5 por cento em relação ao ano anterior e marcando o nível mais baixo para o mês desde 2016.
As importações de carvão térmico para geração de energia caíram 6,5 por cento em janeiro, para 9,98 milhões de toneladas, também o menor volume para o período desde 2016.
Por Osamu Tsukimori
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LGCJ.: